Ni l'un, ni l'autre

Honoré Daumier's lithograph — his characteristic medium, published through *Le Charivari* — pictures a figure caught between two irreconcilable political positions, the visual joke hinging on paralysis or absurd compromise. The exact scene is not reproducible here, but Daumier's 1851 work sits at a charged moment: Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état fell in December of that year, collapsing the Second Republic. Daumier had already served jail time for caricaturing Louis-Philippe; he understood that the pushed-to-grotesque bourgeois face was a political weapon. His line descends directly from Gillray's exaggerated physiognomies and feeds forward into the sequential comic strip — the repeated stock character, the compressed narrative moment, the single image that argues. Daumier is the crucial hinge between eighteenth-century print satire and the modern comic page.